ificantly improved the economic viability of unconventional plays [12,13,14,15,16]. As reservoirs age, optimizing waterflood management, reservoir characterization, and recovery rates remains a focal point of research [17,18,19,20].
The integration of big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming upstream operations [21,22]. Machine learning-based predictive models and real-time surveillance systems enable production optimization, hazard mitigation, and performance enhancement, while concurrently addressing challenges in reservoir stewardship and cost optimization. AI-pow