estigates how integrating Industry 4.0 technologies can transform traditional value chains into highly efficient, sustainable, and transparent ecosystems. We examine the deployment of advanced digital levers including the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Digital Twins, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) across the entire aluminium value chain. In bauxite mining, machine learning enables real-time 3D ore-grade modelling to optimise blending and minimise downstream caustic consumption, alongside Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS) and predictive maintenance. In alumina ref