iciency while also assuring animal welfare, environmental sustainability and economic viability. Precision livestock farming (PLF) has emerged as a transformative paradigm that integrates advanced sensing technologies, computer vision, internet of things infrastructures and artificial intelligence (AI) to enable continuous, automated and individualized animal monitoring. This paper explores the evolution of livestock management from conventional observation-based practices to sophisticated, data-driven architecture. It also synthesizes recent advancements in PLF emphasizing its system architec
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